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Anal fistula is a medical condition characterized by pain and discomfort affecting the everyday lives of many people. Understanding anal fistula symptoms, causes, and treatments is essential to give appropriate care and support to individuals affected. Also, we can assist those with the illness to seek medical care and enhance their overall life quality by learning more about anal fistula.
By Able Health I Medically reviewed by Dr. Alireza Estedlal
Page last reviewed: February 2024 I Next review due: February 2026
Anal fistula refer to an abnormal joining of the anal canal and the skin around the anus. The connection creates a passageway resembling a tunnel that enables pus and other fluids to drain. An anal fistula occurs due to infection or inflammation of the anal glands.
Pain or discomfort during bowel movements is the most common anal fistula symptom. The intensity of the pain varies based on the extent of the condition, ranging from mild to more severe pain. Blood or pus discharge coming from the opening around the anus is another symptom. The discharge may be accompanied by a foul smell and can trigger itching and irritation near the affected region.
These are other signs and symptoms that can help identify the condition:
A physical indication of anal fistula involves a small hole or opening around the anus that comes with swelling or redness.
Generally, it's important to know the differences between anal fistula and conditions like abscesses or haemorrhoids since they can cause the same symptoms. You should also see a practitioner for a precise diagnosis.
Many cases of anal fistulas occur from an infection that begins in the anal gland. This infection can cause an abscess that may evolve into a fistula. Other possible but rare causes of anal fistulas are:
Some factors are likely to increase the chances of anal fistula occurrence. Those who have inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease are at a high risk of developing anal fistula. Also, people who have undergone surgeries in their anal region or have had abscesses before are susceptible to the condition.
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Book an appointmentThe medical providers often diagnose anal fistula by conducting a physical exam, asking about the symptoms, and evaluating a person’s medical history. The examination involves assessment of the area near and inside the anus.
They can also order one or more of these imaging tests to help identify the condition:
The extent and complexity of anal fistula determines the treatment options. The treatments aim to repair the anal fistula completely, prevent recurrences, as well as protect the sphincter muscles.
Seton placement is another technique that surgeons can perform by inserting a thread-like material to maintain the anal tract open. Alternatively they can use fibrin glue and collagen plug to seal the internal opening and anal fistula tunnel.
The anal fistula surgery recovery period varies based on the person and procedure conducted. During the days after surgery, pain and discomfort are normal, and prescribed painkillers can help manage them. It's also important to pay attention to post-operative guidelines and go for regular check-ups to ensure successful healing.
Recurring infections, abscess formation, and the emergence of a chronic fistula are possible complications associated with anal fistulas. These may cause additional discomfort or pain and might need further treatment or surgery. In case complications occur, it is essential to seek prompt medical assistance.
Although preventing anal fistula may be impossible, specific tips and strategies might help minimize the risk. They include:
Anal fistulas can be physically and emotionally challenging to live with. Therefore, people need to learn coping strategies including self-care, getting help from medical specialists and asking for emotional support from loved ones. A feeling of understanding and connection can also be found in support groups and online communities.
In general, anal fistula is a condition that can highly lower a person's quality of life. Knowing the associated symptoms, underlying causes and available treatment options is essential for accurate diagnosis and management. People with anal fistulas can get relief from their pain and discomfort by consulting a doctor and adhering to the recommended treatment plans.