Lumps on Testicle (Scrotal Masses)

What is a lump on the testicle?

A lump on the testicle (also called a scrotal mass) refers to a growth that may develop around or on the testicle (testis). Testicles are walnut-like sex glands located in the scrotum, the small sac of skin behind the penis. Most men have two testicles, although it is possible to have more or less. These glands produce sperm (reproductive cells) and the hormone testosterone.

While a testicular lump may be a sign of other health problems, many are not serious. A wide range of scrotal masses are non-cancerous (benign), but some growths can impact fertility. Occasionally, they can indicate a more severe condition like testicular cancer.

What should I do if I discover a lump on my testicle?

If you discover swelling on your testicle, it’s important to contact a healthcare provider immediately to make an appointment. A doctor can identify the type of scrotal mass and suggest suitable treatment if needed. If the lump signifies a more serious problem, seek treatment as early as possible.

Some individuals notice testicular lumps during a self-exam, while others may find them when engaging in sexual activity.

Where would a lump on my testicle be located?

The position of a scrotal mass depends on the underlying cause. It can develop anywhere on the testicle or in the surrounding area.

How common is a testicular lump?

Lumps on the testicles are relatively common. Although most growths that appear on or around testicles are benign, it's important to see a healthcare provider for an official diagnosis and, if necessary, appropriate treatment.

Possible Causes

What are the most common causes of lumps on the testicles?

Common factors that lead to testicular lumps include:

• Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a tube running behind and over each testicle, which stores and transports sperm.
• Hydroceles: A condition in which fluid accumulates in the scrotum, leading to swelling.
• Inguinal hernia: A type of hernia where abdominal tissue pushes through an opening in the abdominal wall, potentially causing a bulge or swelling in the groin area.
• Orchitis: Painful swelling of one or both testicles, often due to bacterial or viral infections.
• Spermatoceles: Cysts in the epididymis containing clear or cloudy fluid, which may have sperm.
• Testicular cancer: A disorder in which cancerous cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles.
• Varicoceles: Enlarged veins in the scrotum.

Do testicular lumps cause any other symptoms?

The symptoms of testicular lumps vary based on the cause and size. Some lumps may have few or no symptoms and aren’t bothersome. However, bothersome symptoms that may develop include:

• Shrinking of the testicle (testicular atrophy).
• Discomfort or a dull ache in the testicles or scrotum, which may radiate to other parts of the groin or body.
• Testicular or scrotal swelling.
• A sense of heaviness in the scrotum or testicles.
• Blood in the semen (haematospermia).
• Fever.
• Chills.
• Pain during urination (dysuria).
• Nausea and vomiting.

Certain conditions that contribute to testicular lumps can also impact fertility (male infertility).

What does a testicular cyst feel like?

Testicular cysts typically feel like small, solid lumps.

Is a testicular cancer lump hard or soft?

Testicular cancer lumps generally feel firm when touched.

What warning signs and symptoms indicate testicular cancer?

The warning signs of testicular cancer include:

• A swelling on the testicle.
• Enlargement of the testicle.
• Pain in the testicle or scrotum.
• A sense of heaviness in the scrotum.

Is a cancer lump in or on the testicle?

Cancerous lumps typically develop within the testicle.

Diagnosis

How are testicular lumps diagnosed?

To diagnose testicular lumps, the doctor will:

• Review your medical history.
• Inquire about your symptoms and sexual health.
• Perform a physical examination.

Additional tests may also be ordered to help determine the cause of the testicular lumps:

• Testicular ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging test can reveal the lump’s position and assist in ruling out conditions like hernias or testicular cancer.
• Blood tests: A thin needle (around 21 gauge, similar to a standard earring size) is used to remove a small blood sample, which is then checked for infection or inflammation.
• Urinalysis: This involves examining a urine sample for visual, microscopic, and chemical components to check for inflammation and infection.

Treatment and Care

How is a scrotal mass treated?

Treatment of a scrotal mass often depends on the underlying cause. If the lump isn’t causing pain or discomfort and isn’t associated with any serious problem, treatment might not be necessary. However, standard treatment options for scrotal masses include:

• Medicines, mainly antibiotics, to treat infections.
• Hernia repair surgery to reposition and reinforce the hernia.
• Surgery to remove, drain, or correct the mass.
• Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy testicular cancer cells.
• Orchiectomy to remove one or both testicles to address testicular cancer.

Do lumps in the testicles disappear?

With the right treatment, symptoms related to testicular lumps can improve. To prevent potential complications, it’s essential to seek prompt intervention if you discover any changes in the testicles.

What are the possible complications or risks of untreated scrotal masses?

Complications vary depending on the nature of the scrotal mass. Although most testicular lumps are benign, conditions like orchitis and epididymitis can lead to:

• Painful abscesses (accumulation of pus) in the scrotum.
• Fluid collection in the scrotum.
• Shrinking of the testicles.
• Infertility.

In addition, testicular cancer can contribute to infertility and, if left untreated, can be fatal. However, early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the odds of avoiding more severe complications.

Prevention

Can testicular lumps be prevented?

Certain causes of lumps on the testicles aren’t always preventable. However, it’s advisable to frequently examine your testicles and scrotum for growths or any noticeable changes. Performing a testicular self-examination once a month only takes a few seconds.

Bacterial and viral causes can also be prevented by:

• Using condoms during intercourse to prevent STIs (sexually transmitted infections).
• Receiving vaccines for bacterial or viral infections that may lead to scrotal masses.

When to See a Doctor

You should contact your doctor for scrotal mass treatment if you:

• Notice a swelling on or around your testicles or scrotum.
• Experience swelling in the scrotum.
• Feel a sense of heaviness in the scrotum.
• Experience persistent aches or pain.
• Show signs of an infection.

Additional Common Questions

Is there any difference between a testicular cyst and cancer?

A testicular cyst refers to a fluid-filled bump that normally feels softer to the touch. In contrast, a testicular cancer lump tends to be more rigid and feels harder than a cyst.

A Note from MD.co.uk

Lumps on the testicles are a common occurrence that can develop in people with testicles at any age. Many cases of scrotal masses are benign and not a threat to your overall health. However, they can be concerning and may lead to more serious problems, particularly if accompanied by other symptoms.

Without appropriate diagnosis and treatment, some masses can be fatal or lead to infertility. Therefore, it’s essential to seek medical care immediately when you discover a lump on your testicle. While the thought of someone examining your testicles may feel awkward, rest assured that your provider will make every effort to ensure you are comfortable.