Geographic tongue is a harmless inflammatory condition that affects the surface of the tongue. Normally, the tongue is covered with small, pinkish-white bumps known as papillae, which are essentially delicate, hair-like structures. In cases of geographic tongue, certain patches of the tongue lack papillae. These patches are smooth and red, usually with slightly raised edges.
This condition is referred to as geographic tongue because the patches on the tongue's surface resemble a map. Generally, these patches appear in one spot and then shift to another area of the tongue.
Despite its alarming appearance, geographic tongue does not lead to any health problems and is not associated with cancer or infection. However, it can sometimes cause pain and increase sensitivity to salt, spices, and sweets.
By Able Health I Medically reviewed by Dr. Alireza Estedlal
Page last reviewed: February 2024 I Next review due: February 2026
Signs of geographic tongue can include the following:
Most individuals with geographic tongue do not show any symptoms.
Geographic tongue may persist for days, months, or even years. Although the condition usually resolves on its own, it may reappear later.
The precise cause of geographic tongue is unknown, and there is no known way to prevent it. There may be a connection between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis, a skin disease that causes a rash with scaly, itchy patches. More research is needed to explore the potential link to other medical conditions.
Some factors that could increase your susceptibility to geographic tongue include:
While geographic tongue is generally harmless, it can occasionally cause discomfort. The condition does not pose any significant health risks, lead to long-term complications, or increase the likelihood of major medical problems.
However, geographic tongue can cause anxiety due to the appearance of the tongue, especially if the patches are highly visible. It can also be difficult to accept that the condition is not serious.
Your dentist can typically identify the geographic tongue through an examination of the tongue and a review of symptoms.
While conducting theexam, your healthcare provider may:
Certain geographic tonguesignsresemble those of other illnesses,like oral lichen planus, which can appear as lacy whitishspots in the mouth and sometimes cause painful lesions. As a result, your doctor may need to rule out other diseases before confirming a diagnosis.
In most cases, geographic tongue does not require medical treatment. Although the condition can occasionally cause discomfort, it is generally considered benign.
To manage sensitivity and pain, your medical provider may suggest various treatments, including:
Due to the limited research on these treatments, their effectiveness is not well understood. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether these treatments effectively alleviate symptoms, as geographic tongue often resolves on its own.
Most individuals with geographic tongue are asymptomatic. However, if you develop symptoms, you can ease discomfort by avoiding or restricting substances frequently irritating sensitive oral tissue. These comprise acidic orspicy foods and drinks, alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products.
Geographic tongue is a benign condition that causes smooth, reddish patches to form on the surface of the tongue. It is noncancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. Some individuals develop geographic tongue without experiencing any noticeable symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include patches on the tongue with burning or tingling sensations, especially when eating spicy or acidic foods. If you notice any changes in your tongue, consult a healthcare provider to determine the cause.