Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores)

Causes

The specific cause of mouth ulcers remains unclear. However, various factors can play a role in their development:

• Mouth injury: Accidental biting of the inside of the cheek, vigorous brushing, or dental procedures.
• Food sensitivities: Sensitivity to spicy, acidic, or hard foods such as nuts, tomatoes, and citrus fruits.
• Nutritional deficiencies: Insufficient intake of vital nutrients like iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, and zinc.
• Stress and hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormones and emotional stress, especially in women, can cause mouth ulcers.
• Health conditions: Illnesses such as Crohn’s disease, Behçet’s disease, celiac disease, and immunodeficiency disorders.
• Genetics: A family history may increase the likelihood of developing mouth ulcers.
• Allergies: Allergic reactions to specific foods or ingredients in mouth rinses and toothpaste.
• Infections: Viral infections, including herpes simplex, could contribute to ulcers, although these are usually associated with cold sores.

Symptoms

Signs of mouth ulcers may include the following:

• Small, circular, or oval lesions in the mouth, characterised by a white or yellow centre and a red edge.
• Pain or discomfort, particularly when speaking, eating, or drinking.
• Swelling near the ulcers.
• Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and physical sluggishness in more serious cases.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of mouth ulcers generally includes:

• Visual examination: A physician or dentist evaluates the lesions to determine their size, position, and characteristics.
• Medical history: This involves discussing your symptoms, medical background, dietary habits, and any possible triggers.
• Blood tests: For recurrent or severe mouth ulcers, blood tests may be performed to assess nutritional deficiencies or underlying health issues.

Treatment Options

Mouth ulcer treatment aims to alleviate discomfort, enhance healing, and prevent future recurrences. The available options include:

• Topical treatments: Includes over-the-counter gels, creams, or ointments that contain fluocinonide, hydrogen peroxide, or benzocaine.
• Mouth rinses: Saltwater rinses or antimicrobial mouthwashes to reduce bacteria and facilitate the healing process.
• Oral medications: Painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen for intense pain.
• Nutritional supplements: Addressing deficiencies with iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or zinc supplements.
• Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding foods or activities that contribute to ulcers.
• Prescription treatments: For more serious or recurrent ulcers, a physician may recommend corticosteroids or other medicines.

Complications

Although mouth ulcers are harmless, untreated or severe sores could result in complications such as:

• Secondary infections: If ulcers are not properly cared for, bacterial infections may develop.
• Trouble eating and drinking: Intense pain can hinder the ability to maintain adequate nutrition and hydration.
• Chronic recurrence: Recurring ulcers can indicate an underlying medical problem that requires attention.

Prevention

Preventing mouth ulcers mostly involves proper oral hygiene practices and lifestyle adjustments:

• Good oral hygiene: Using a toothbrush with soft bristles and fluoride toothpaste, and flossing every day.
• Avoiding triggers: Steering clear of foods that cause irritation and adopting gentle oral care practices.
• Stress management: Managing stress through relaxation methods and adequate rest.
• Balanced diet: Including vital vitamins and minerals in your diet.
• Routine dental check-ups: Regular dental appointments help monitor oral health and address any concerns promptly.

Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for mouth ulcers enables you to take proactive measures in managing and preventing this condition. Ultimately, this ensures improved oral health and overall well-being.