Chipped Teeth

What is a chipped tooth?

A chipped tooth occurs when a piece of the tooth enamel breaks off. Enamel is the teeth’s hard outer layer that protects the sensitive inner tissues. Despite being sturdy, enamel is not unbreakable. Tooth injuries such as falls or biting hard objects can crack the enamel, causing a chip.

Usually, minor chips don’t cause significant problems, although the appearance of the teeth can affect one’s self-confidence. However, dental work is necessary for severe chips that expose the delicate inner tissue beneath the enamel to safeguard the tooth.

In any case, it is important to visit a dental expert, such as a dentist or an endodontist, to thoroughly assess the damage.

Symptoms

The common symptoms of chipped teeth may vary based on the degree of damage and can include:

• Noticeable damage: Visible crack or break in the tooth.
• Sensitivity: Heightened tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sugary foods and beverages.
• Pain or discomfort: Discomfort when biting or chewing, or sharp pain caused by exposed dentin.
• Rough or jagged edges: A sharp edge or rough surface felt with the tongue.
• Swelling or irritation: Occurs on the gums near the affected tooth.

Causes

Many factors can contribute to chipped teeth, including:

• Injury or trauma: Falls, accidents, or sports injuries can cause chipped teeth.
• Biting on hard objects: Chewing or biting on hard foods or items such as pens, ice, or fingernails.
• Tooth decay: Cavities or decay can weaken the tooth structure, making it susceptible to chipping.
• Teeth grinding (bruxism): Prolonged clenching or grinding wears down enamel, leading to chips.
• Large fillings: Large dental fillings can affect tooth integrity.
• Aging: Teeth tend to be more brittle and vulnerable to chipping with age.

Risk factors

Certain activities, such as contact sports, pose risks of mouth injury, increasing the likelihood of a chipped tooth. In some cases, fragments may break off without any obvious cause. A tooth may chip even when biting something relatively soft if the enamel is already worn and susceptible to injury. Factors that make teeth more prone to trauma include:

• Tooth decay: This can make teeth more vulnerable to injuries.
• Consuming too much sugary or acidic food: Over time, these can wear down enamel and make teeth more prone to cracks or chips.
• GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease): Acid reflux leads to the backwash of stomach acid into the mouth. Prolonged acid reflux, such as GERD, can erode enamel over time.
• Prior dental work: Major dental work helps preserve teeth but does not strengthen them as before, making them still prone to injuries. Large fillings can also increase the risk.
• Teeth grinding history: Prolonged grinding can thin the tooth structure, making chips appear suddenly.
• Age: Teeth generally weaken with age, increasing the likelihood of chipping after the age of 50.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing chipped teeth usually involves:

• Visual examination: Examining the teeth for noticeable signs of chips and assessing the degree of damage.
• Dental X-rays: Checking for damage to the tooth root or nearby bone and assessing underlying problems such as decay.

Treatment Options

Treatment options for chipped teeth vary. While treatment is not required for minor chips, major dental work may be necessary to avoid further damage (restorative dentistry). Cosmetic treatments may also be recommended to improve the appearance of a chipped tooth. Treatment methods include:

• Polishing: The dentist can polish and smooth the chip to blend with adjacent teeth for minor cracks.
• Bonding: Filling the chip with a composite resin to match the repaired tooth with the rest of the teeth, enhancing the appearance of minor chips.
• Veneers: Coverings used to conceal imperfections in front teeth. Veneers may be necessary for minor chips requiring larger coverage, unlike bonding.
• Crowns: Tooth-like caps that shield a weakened or significantly damaged tooth. Crowns may be required if a large fragment is lost, helping to safeguard the tooth and enhance its appearance.
• Fillings: Using materials such as plastic, metals, or glass to seal the missing parts of the tooth. Fillings may be needed for chips in the back teeth.
• Root canal: Addressing infections in the inside area of the tooth. This procedure may be necessary if a chip is severe and exposes inner nerves. A crown is placed afterwards to protect the treated part from further damage.

Complications

If left untreated, chipped teeth could result in complications such as:

• Increased sensitivity: Exposed dentin can lead to significant pain and sensitivity to sweets and temperatures.
• Tooth decay: Chips can create gaps where bacteria and plaque build up, causing decay and cavities.
• Infection: Larger chips that expose the pulp may lead to abscesses, bacterial infections, and other dental problems.
• Tooth weakening: Chips compromise tooth integrity, making it more vulnerable to additional damage.

Prevention

To help prevent chipped teeth:

• Proper oral hygiene: Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, and use mouthwash to maintain strong and healthy teeth.
• Frequent dental check-ups: Schedule regular appointments with your dentist for cleanings and examinations to detect and treat problems early.
• Wear a mouth guard: Use a mouth guard during sports or recreational activities to protect teeth from trauma.
• Avoid hard foods: Refrain from chewing on hard foods or objects that could contribute to chips.
• Address teeth grinding: Those who grind their teeth at night should use a nightguard to prevent wear and tear.
• Dietary choices: Eat a balanced diet rich in minerals and vitamins to help strengthen your teeth.

Being aware of the causes, signs, and treatments of chipped teeth can help you prevent dental issues and maintain a healthy smile.

When Should I See My Healthcare Provider?

You should visit a dentist promptly if you notice a chip in your tooth. While a minor crack might not indicate a serious issue, only a dental professional can evaluate its severity. Untreated chipped teeth can lead to additional complications if the damage extends beyond the enamel.

What Questions Should I Ask My Dentist?

Consider asking your dentist the following questions:

• How severe is the chip in my tooth?
• Do I need to get treatment for my chipped tooth?
• What treatments would you recommend?
• How many dental visits are required to repair the chip?
• How should I care for my teeth to prevent future chipping?

A Note from MD.co.uk

It’s not easy to stay calm when you notice a chip in your tooth, but rest assured that you won’t have to live with an uneven smile forever. Many people experience chips or cracks in their teeth at some point. Fortunately, there are treatments available to protect the affected tooth from further injury and restore its appearance. Even with a minor chip, a simple polish can help you regain confidence in your smile.